Level

Item

Item

1798

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the exterior of the Adas Israel Synagogue, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The building no longer housed the synagogue when this photograph was taken.

Notes

Location of negative: 16:6:5

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Architecture

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1799

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the exterior of the Adas Israel Synagogue, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The building no longer housed the synagogue when this photograph was taken.

Notes

Location of negative: 16:7:6

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Architecture

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1800

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the exterior of the Adas Israel Synagogue, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The building no longer housed the synagogue when this photograph was taken.

Notes

Location of negative: 16:7:7

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Architecture

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1801

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the exterior of the Adas Israel Synagogue, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The building no longer housed the synagogue when this photograph was taken. The photograph is an aerial view, taken from a building located across the street.

Notes

Location of negative: 16:7:8

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Architecture

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1802

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the exterior of the Adas Israel Synagogue, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The building no longer housed the synagogue when this photograph was taken. The photograph is an aerial view, taken from a building located across the street.

Notes

Location of negative: 16:7:9

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Architecture

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1803

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the exterior of the Adas Israel Synagogue, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The photograph depicts the facade of the building, including the plaque located above the front entrance.

Notes

Location of negative: 17:1:10

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Architecture

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1804

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the sanctuary of the Adas Israel Synagogue, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The sanctuary was being used by the automotive company Lansair Limited as storage space for their parts.

Notes

Location of negative: 17:1:11

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1805

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of the Adas Israel Synagogue aron kodesh, located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. The sanctuary was being used by the automotive company Lansair Limited as storage space for their parts.

Notes

Location of negative: 17:1:12

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Torah arks

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Level

Item

Item

1806

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Apr. 1979

Physical Description

2 photographs : col. (1 negative) ; 9 x 12 cm and 35 mm

Scope and Content

This item is an original print and corresponding negative of a pendant chandelier, hanging in the sanctuary of the Adas Israel Synagogue located on Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario. Also pictured is the painting on the synagogue wall, behind the aron kodesh. The sanctuary was being used by the automotive company Lansair Limited as storage space for their parts.

Notes

Location of negative: 17:1:13

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Chandeliers

Synagogues

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

1979-4-3

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

William Stern fonds

Hamilton Jewish community photographs series

Level

File

Fonds

33

Series

3

File

3

Item

1-5

Material Format

graphic material

Date

1970

Physical Description

5 photographs : b&w ; 6 x 8 cm

Scope and Content

This file consists of five photographs taken at a public rally for Soviet Jewry, held at the Hamilton Jewish Community Centre. The audience is being addressed by Rabbi Morton Green from Hamilton's Adas Israel Synagogue.

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Adas Israel Synagogue (Hamilton, Ont.)

Green, Morton

Subjects

Rabbis

Speeches, addresses, etc

Repro Restriction

Copyright is held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. Please contact the archives to obtain permission prior to use.

Accession Number

2004-5-96

Source

Archival Descriptions

• 
• 
• 
• 

Part Of

William Stern fonds

Hamilton Jewish community photographs series

Level

Item

Fonds

33

Series

3

Item

39

Material Format

graphic material

Date

1984

Physical Description

1 photograph : col. ; 21 x 26 cm

Scope and Content

This item is a photograph of the Hamilton chapter of the Weizmann Institute seated at a banquet table at the Adas Israel Synagogue in Hamilton. Ms. Anne Mandel is being honoured by the chapter.

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Adas Israel Synagogue (Hamilton, Ont.)

Mandel, Anne

Repro Restriction

Copyright is held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. Please contact the archives to obtain permission prior to use.

Accession Number

2004-5-96

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Hoffman family fonds

Level

Fonds

Fonds

6

Material Format

textual record

architectural drawing

moving images

Date

1946-1981

Physical Description

17 cm of textual records

10 architectural drawings

ca. 9 film reels : 16 mm

Admin History/Bio

Max and Celia Hoffman were married in 1958 in Hamilton and had two sons. Max was the owner of Hamilton Plumbing and Heating Supplies. Both were active in a number of Jewish community organizations in Hamilton such as the Council of Jewish Organizations, Adas Israel synagogue and the Union of Jewish Congregations of America, Ontario Region. They were also involved in fundraising on behalf of Yeshiva University, which is located in New York City. Max Hoffman died in 1964 and Celia moved to Toronto in 1966 when she married Sol Edell.

Scope and Content

Fonds consists of correspondence, ledgers, publications, home movies and architectural drawings relating to the family life, business and community activities of Max and Celia Hoffman. There are three series: Business Series, Community Activities Series and Personal Series.

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Council of Jewish Organizations

Federation

Hoffman (family)

Subjects

Families

Creator

Hoffman family

Places

Hamilton (Ont.)

Accession Number

2002-12-2

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Solomon Edell fonds

Personal series

Religious sub-series

Level

Sub-series

Fonds

4

Series

1-6

Material Format

textual record

Date

1962-1997

Physical Description

3 folders of textual records

Admin History/Bio

During his lifetime Sol Edell regularly attended or maintained membership in a number of different synagogues. As a child Sol Edell’s family were members of Shomrai Shabbos. After he married he became a founding member of Clanton Park. His second wife Celia was a member of Adas Israel prior to their marriage. The Edell’s also had a cottage in Belle Ewart and they attended the synagogue which the Jewish cottagers had established for the summer.

Scope and Content

Sub-series consists of correspondence, receipts and newspaper clippings relating to the religious activities of the Edell family. This includes dues and donations to Adas Israel, Clanton Park and Shomrai Shabbos synagogues. As well there are newspaper clippings about the synagogue in Belle Ewart. Also included are contracts for the sale of chametz for Passover.

Name Access

Shomrai Shabbos

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Clanton Park Synagogue (Toronto, Ont.)

Ewart, Belle

Subjects

Religion

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Solomon Edell fonds

Adas Israel Synagogue series

Building sub-series

Level

Sub-series

Fonds

4

Series

5-1

Material Format

multiple media

Date

1958-1961

Physical Description

3 cm of textual records and other material

Scope and Content

Sub-series consists of material relating to the construction of Adas Israel synagogue's new building at 125 Cline Ave. South. This includes publicity brochures and financial records about the building campaign and correspondence, programmes, and a film of the turning of the sod. As well there is correspondence, programmes, photographs and audio recordings of the laying of the cornerstone and dedication of the synagogue. There is also a key to the synagogue which was presented at the dedication ceremony.

Notes

Physical description note: includes 27 photographs, 14 architectural drawings, 3 audio reels, 1 film reel, and 1 key.

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Building

Synagogues

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Solomon Edell fonds

Adas Israel Synagogue series

Clergy sub-series

Level

Sub-series

Fonds

4

Series

5-2

Material Format

textual record

Date

1963-2008

Physical Description

3 folders of textual records

Scope and Content

Sub-series consists of correspondence relating to Adas Israel's search for a rabbi and cantor. It also includes programme books from tribute dinners honouring Rabbi Morton Green and Cantor Kirshblum.

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Jewish National Fund

Green, Morton (Rabbi)

Subjects

Cantors (Judaism)

Rabbis

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Solomon Edell fonds

Adas Israel Synagogue series

Religious sub-series

Level

Sub-series

Fonds

4

Series

5-3

Material Format

textual record

Date

1961-1999

Physical Description

3 folder of textual records

Scope and Content

Sub-series contains correspondence sent to the Adas Israel membership, relating to the sale of tickets and the distribution of aliyot for the High Holy Days services.

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Religion

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Solomon Edell fonds

Adas Israel Synagogue series

Programs and events sub-series

Level

Sub-series

Fonds

4

Series

5-4

Material Format

textual record

Date

[1959?]-1999

Physical Description

3 cm of textual records

Scope and Content

Sub-series consists of textual records documenting various programs and events of the Adas Israel Synagogue. Included are program notices, correspondence, brochures, flyers, invitations and calendars. Also included is a pass book from the Adas Israel Society of Hamilton and a testimonial dinner book.

Name Access

Welkovics family

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Religion

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Solomon Edell fonds

Adas Israel Synagogue series

Publications sub-series

Level

Sub-series

Fonds

4

Series

5-6

Material Format

textual record

Date

1958-1999

Physical Description

12 cm of textual records

Scope and Content

Sub-series consists of the weekly, bimonthly and New Years bulletins that were published by the Adas Israel synagogue from 1958 to 1999.

Name Access

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Subjects

Newsletters

Synagogues

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

1

Material Format

graphic material

Date

1968

Physical Description

1 photograph : b&w ; 14 x 20 cm

Admin History/Bio

In 1968, Jewish Family & Child Services used a mobile treatment centre known as The Trailer to reach out to Jewish youth.

Scope and Content

Item is a reproduction of a photograph of Jewish Family & Child Services' Trailer in the Yorkville neighbourhood of Toronto taken in 1968.

Notes

A digital scan was made from a reproduction of the photograph that appeared on page four of a glossy brochure titled Jewish Family and Child Services: A Tradition of Caring that was published in Spring 1993.

Name Access

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

3

Material Format

graphic material

Date

12 May 1993

Physical Description

1 photograph : b&w ; 20 x 25 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a photograph of past presidents of Jewish Family & Child Service. Standing from left are: Gordon Wolfe, Marshall Kesten, Lorne Wolfson, Paul Forman, Yale Drazin, Les Scheininger, Howard Perlmutter, and Bernie Aaron. Seated from left are: former Jerome Diamond, Henry Goodman, Francis Storm, Morris Wayman, Rose Wolfe, and Gerald Slan.

Name Access

Aaron, Bernie

Diamond, Jerome D.

Drazin, Yale

Forman, Paul

Goodman, Henry G.

Kesten, Marshall

Perlmutter, Howard

Scheininger, Les

Slan, Gerald

Storm, Francis

Wayman, Morris

Wolfe, Gordon

Wolfe, Rose

Wolfson, Lorne

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

4

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Nov. 1988

Physical Description

1 photograph : b&w ; 20 x 25 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a group photograph taken at the Dora Wilensky portrait presentation in Nov. 1988.

Name Access

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Wilensky, Dora, 1902-1959

Subjects

Portraits

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

5

Material Format

graphic material

Date

1987

Physical Description

1 flyer : col. ; 28 x 22 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a flyer for an event - Domestic Violence: A Jewish Family Affair - scheduled to take place Tuesday, 10 March 1987 at the Lipa Green Building. It featured Barbara Harris, Executive Director of Transition Center, as its keynote speaker. David Currie, Chief Social Worker, Forensic Services at the Clarke Institute and Director of OPPORTUNITY, and Geraldine Waldman, a practicing family lawyer, were the panelists. Arlene Perly Rae, a local freelance journalist, served as moderator.

Name Access

Currie, David

Harris, Barbara

Rae, Arlene Perly

Waldman, Geraldine

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright is held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. Please contact the archives to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

6

Material Format

graphic material

Date

[ca. 1988]

Physical Description

1 photograph : col. ; 10 x 15 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a photograph of teenagers seeling ribbons for child abuse awareness. Behind them is a poster that reads: "Help Prevent Child Abuse."

Name Access

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

7

Material Format

graphic material

Date

1988

Physical Description

1 photograph : col ; 13 x 10 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a photograph of a dozen or so individuals in front of a Jewish Family and Child Services banner at the 1988 United Way Walkathon.

Name Access

United Way of Greater Toronto

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

8

Material Format

graphic material

Date

1988

Physical Description

1 photograph : col ; 10 x 13 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a photograph of individuals carrying Jewish Family and Child Service banners at the 1988 United Way Walkathon.

Name Access

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

United Way of Greater Toronto

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

9

Material Format

graphic material

Date

1988

Physical Description

1 photograph : col ; 10 x 13 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a photograph taken at the 1988 United Way Walkathon. Visible in the photograph is a Jewish Family and Child Services banner.

Name Access

United Way of Greater Toronto

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Item

Fonds

79

Item

10

Material Format

graphic material

Date

Jan. 1996

Physical Description

1 photograph : col. ; 10 x 15 cm

Scope and Content

Item is a photograph of three individuals at a mezuzah affixing ceremony at Youthdale.

Name Access

Youthdale

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Subjects

Mezuzah

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Repro Restriction

Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Jewish Family and Child fonds

Level

Fonds

Fonds

79

Material Format

multiple media

Date

1933-2011

Physical Description

ca. 4.8 m of texutal records and other material

Admin History/Bio

Jewish Family & Child was established in 1943 from the amalgamation of a variety of different social agencies formed as early as 1868. These included the Ladies Benevolent Fund, the Free Burial Society, Jewish Family Welfare Bureau, Jewish Children’s Bureau, Big Brothers and Big Sisters, and the Ladies Maternal Aid Society. Much of its funding and support after its inception came from the United Jewish Welfare Fund.

The first executive director of the agency was Dora Wilensky. She was a trained social worker who served for twenty-eight years, until her untimely death from cancer in 1959. Jerome Diamond took over in 1960 and Gordon Wolfe succeeded him in 1981. Ron Levin briefly replaced Wolfe after his retirement in 2003, and was succeeded in 2006 by Dr. Richard Cummings who then retired in 2015. As of 2017, Brian Prousky is the organization’s current executive director.

During the early years, fees were established, but the agency never refused to assist clients because of their inability to pay. JF&CS became one of the first agencies to rely on trained social workers. It was also the first social agency in Canada to become unionized.

Over the years the agency’s role has changed and it has expanded significantly, in terms of its staff and services. After the Second World War it played a pivotal role supporting the Holocaust orphans who came to Canada as refugees, particularly in the area of locating foster parents for these children. By 1957, the agency hired its first counsellor and became a member of the United Community Fund of Greater Toronto. The year 1968 marked the start of JF&CS’ new program involving the use of a mobile treatment centre to reach out to Jewish street kids and in 1974 they established the Jerome D. Diamond Adolescent Centre.

In 1981, JF&CS was mandated by the Province of Ontario as a Jewish children’s aid society responsible for the care and protection of all Jewish youth in the GTA. In 1983 they established the Just-A-Second Shop at 3101 Bathurst Street, which took in used goods from the community to pass on to needy families. Two years later they established the Henry G. Goodman Home for developmentally challenged children on Wilmington Avenue. The following year marked the opening of the Elm Ridge Group Living Residence for elderly people. In 1988, they opened a special shelter for abused women and children, and in 1994, they introduced their Homework Club for kids.

The current mission of Jewish Family & Child is to support the healthy development of individuals, children, families, and communities through prevention, protection, counselling, education, and advocacy services, within the context of Jewish values. Their services include counselling, rehabilitation and support, foster care, family services, and community services. These services are offered in a host of different languages including Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian, French, and English.

JF&CS is an independent organization that receives its funding from a variety of different sources such as UJA Federation of Greater Toronto, United Way Toronto and York Region, the Government of Ontario, and individual donations.

As of 2017, JF&CS has nearly 130 staff providing more than thirty community services with a budget of almost $20 million. Their main office is located in the Lipa Green Centre for Community Services at 4600 Bathurst Street. They also maintain offices and run services out of their downtown branch at 35 Madison Avenue, their York Region branch inside UJA’s 1 Open Door at the Lebovic JCC, and their Jerome D. Diamond Adolescent Centre in midtown Toronto.

Name Access

Jewish Family and Child

Wilensky, Dora, 1902-1959

Wolfe, Gordon

Diamond, Jerome D.

Subjects

Charities

Children

Families

Nonprofit organizations

Access Restriction

Closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA Director and head of Jewish Family and Child prior to accessing the records.

Related Material

See also: Jewish Child Welfare Association fonds (fonds 86); Jewish Family Welfare Bureau fonds (fonds 87); Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of Toronto fonds (fonds 66); and, United Jewish Welfare Fund fonds (fonds 67).

Creator

Jewish Family and Child (Toronto, Ont.)

Accession Number

2004-5-101

2004-1-8

2002-10-38

2006-6-7 (Shelf 03-6,Orphan index cards)

2009-12-9

2010-4-1 (Shelf 34-1)

2010-10-5

2015-8/11

2015-9/1

Source

Archival Descriptions

Part Of

Solomon Edell fonds

Personal series

Religious sub-series

Level

File

Fonds

4

Series

1-6

File

1

Material Format

textual record

Date

1963-1997

Physical Description

1 folder of textual records

Scope and Content

File consists of dues and donation receipts.

Name Access

Shomrai Shabbos

Adas Israel Congregation (Hamilton, Ont.)

Clanton Park Synagogue (Toronto, Ont.)

Source

Archival Descriptions