- Part Of
- Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care fonds
- Women's Auxiliary series
- Annual meetings sub-series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 14
- Series
- 4-2
- File
- 4
- Material Format
- textual record
- graphic material
- Date
- 8 May 1957
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 21 x 25 cm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of meeting invitations and a photograph of Dora Till delivering a speech.
- Notes
- Photographer unknown.
- Name Access
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Subjects
- Portraits
- Speeches, addresses, etc
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is not held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care fonds
- Women's Auxiliary series
- Programs and services sub-series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 14
- Series
- 4-6
- File
- 5
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- June 1963
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w ; 9 x 11 cm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of photographs of Dora Till enjoying tea with a group of Day Care residents.
- Name Access
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Related Material
- For other records related to the Day Care Program in this fonds, see series 7, file 8.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Accession Number
- 1978-5-2
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 1978-5-2
- Material Format
- textual record
- Physical Description
- 15 cm of textual records
- Date
- [ca. 1971]-[ca. 1976]
- Scope and Content
- This accession consists of newspaper clippings and correspondence relating to the dismissal of Rabbi Stuart Rosenberg by the Beth Tzedec Board and relating to the Rabbi Hollander case; copies of "The Committee of 10 Report" and "Setting the Records Straight: Analysis and refutation of The Committee of 10 report"; Beth Tzedec Board letters and Bulletins; Beth Tzedec Congregational School Education and Youth Committee minutes and newsletters; Beth Tzedec Congregation Constitution and By-Laws; a report on membership dues policy; and records relating to the Board elections.
- Subjects
- Synagogues
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Rosenberg, Stuart E., 1922-1990
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Material Format
- textual record
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Date
- 1910-1950
- Scope and Content
- Accession consists of material documenting the business career and community involvement of Joseph Graner. Included are receipts, insurance release foms, bills, and an auditor's financial report. His company is decribed on letterheads as dealing with steamship tickets, real estate, foreign exchange, insurance, loans, mortgages, valuations, and rent collection. There are three items of historic paper foreign currency from Germany and Russia. As well there are order forms for Universal Garment Company Sportswear Specialists, and a seal for Joseph Graner, Justice of the Peace for Toronto and the County of York. Finally there are press clippings and correspondence pertaining to his community activities with organizations such as Associated Hebrew Schools, Goel Tzedec Synagogue, Ontario Zionist Association, the Conservative Association, and committees protesting the persecution of Jews in Poland and Gemany before the Second World War.
- Administrative History
- Joseph Graner was one of the founders of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies and the Jewish Dispensary (the forerunner of Mount Sinai Hospital). A biography is included with the Instrument of Donation.
- Name Access
- Graner, Joseph
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Name
- Rabbi Reuben Slonim
- Material Format
- sound recording
- Interview Date
- 23 Jul. 1982
- Source
- Oral Histories
- Name
- Rabbi Reuben Slonim
- Number
- OH 65
- OH 66
- Subject
- Development of Toronto Jewish community from 1930s
- Rabbis
- Interview Date
- 23 Jul. 1982
- Quantity
- 2
- Interviewer
- Jack Lipinsky
- Total Running Time
- OH65_001: 26.25 minutes
- OH65_002: 15.07 minutes
- OH66: 32.48 minutes
- Conservation
- Copied August 2003
- Notes
- Poor sound quality
- Use Restrictions
- Copyright is held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. Please contact the archives to obtain permission prior to use.
- Conditional access. Researchers must receive permission from the interviewee or their heir prior to accessing the interview. Please contact the OJA for more information.
- Biography
- Reuben Slonim was born on in Winnipeg in 1914 and ordained by the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York in 1937. That year, he became Canada’s first Canadian-born rabbi when he was hired by the McCaul Street Synagogue in downtown Toronto. After it merged with Goel Tzedec to become the Beth Tzedec Congregation, Rabbi Slonim served at the new Beth Tzedec for one year. He then served for twenty-three years as rabbi of Beth Habonim on Glen Park Avenue.
- Slonim also worked as a jounalist and associate editor of the Toronto Telegram and was known for his outspoken views on the Arab-Israeli conflict and Zionism.
- He married Rita Short, and they had a daughter named Rena. Rabbi Reuben Slonim died on 20 January 2000 at the age of eight-five.
- Material Format
- sound recording
- Language
- English
- Name Access
- McCaul Street Synagogue (Toronto, Ont.)
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Geographic Access
- Winnipeg (Man.)
- New York (N.Y.).
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Original Format
- Audio cassette
- Copy Format
- Audio cassette
- Source
- Oral Histories
- Part Of
- Gordon Mendly fonds
- Events and organizations series
- B'nai Brith lodges sub-series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 18
- Series
- 3-1
- File
- 14
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 17 Apr.1966
- Physical Description
- 9 negatives : b&w ; 10 x 13 cm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of images taken at the B'nai Brith Toronto Lodge installation of officers banquet, held at Beth Tzedec Synagogue. The images depict a number of members accepting awards and plaques, speakers at the podium, as well as several images of lodge members and invited guests.
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. Please contact the archives to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gordon Mendly fonds
- Events and organizations series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 18
- Series
- 3
- File
- 49
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 9 Sep. 1963
- Physical Description
- 5 negatives : b&w ; 10 x 13 cm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of five images taken at the opening banquet for the thirteenth annual State of Israel Bonds drive. The banquet was held at Beth Tzedec Synagogue. The images include individuals seated around banquet tables and at the head table, and speakers at the podium. The banner behind the head table reads: build a better Israel with Israel Bonds in the bar mitzvah year.
- Item 1: The woman seated on the far right facing the camera at the centre banquet table is Bertha Kaplan, who for many years was the treasurer at Adath Israel Synagogue.
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Subjects
- Dinners and dining
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. Please contact the archives to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Dora Till fonds
- Level
- Fonds
- ID
-
Fonds 52
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Dora Till fonds
- Level
- Fonds
- Fonds
- 52
- Material Format
- multiple media
- Date
- 1921-1986
- Physical Description
- 1.4 m of textual records and other material
- Admin History/Bio
- Dora Till (1896-1987) was a leading member of the Toronto Jewish community. She helped found and served on the executives and boards of many organizations, including the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of Toronto, the United Jewish Welfare Fund (UJWF), the Candian Jewish Congress Central Region, and the Baycrest Hospital Women's Auxiliary. She was honoured numerous times in her life with awards and tributes for her contributions to the Jewish community.
- Till was born in New York City on 20 March 1896, one of six children of Max and Yeta Tobias. Her parents had emigrated from Poland prior to 1892. When Dora was four, the family moved to Toronto where Max Tobias worked as a tailor. In her teens, Till was an active member of two social clubs for girls, the Boot and Shoe Society (for mothers and children in need) and the Herzl Girls Club.
- Dora Tobias married Morris S. Till on 21 May 1916, in Toronto. They had two children, Sigmund and Cecile, both of whom she outlived. Sigmund died tragically at the age of 11 after a sudden illness. Cecile married Frank Goldhar and they had two children, Sheila Anne and Meyer Garson.
- In 1918, Till joined the Hebrew Maternity Aid Society and she served as its vice-president for the next fifteen years. This was the beginning of a lifetime career in family welfare, health care and services for the aged. Till helped found and was the first president of the Mothers' and Babes' Summer Rest Home located in Bronte and then Tollandale, which provided mothers and children in need with a two-week holiday in the country.
- From the 1920s until the 1940s, Till served on several boards including the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of Toronto, and the United Jewish Welfare Fund, as well as the Welfare Fund's Women's Division and Women's Service Council. In 1950, she became the first woman to be named honourary vice-president of the UJWF. In 1955, after many years affiliation with the Jewish Home for the Aged, Dora Till organized the newly built Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care's Women's Auxiliary, becoming its first president. She also served for 40 years on the executive board of the Family and Child Service Bureau, the precursor to Jewish Family & Child Services. Till was an active member of many other Jewish organizations, including the Naomi Chapter of Hadassah and the National Council of Jewish Women, B'nai Brith Women, the Mount Sinai Women's Auxiliary, the Jewish Camp Council, and Toronto United Community Appeal - Community Chest. She was also a member of Goel Tzedec Congregation and its successor, Beth Tzedec Congregation.
- Dora Till was honoured with several awards and tributes in her lifetime for her contributions to Jewish life, health and welfare in Toronto. In 1956, the Dora and Morris Till Bungalow at the Mothers and Babes Summer Rest Home was dedicated. In 1969, she was the first woman to recieve UJWF's Ben Sadowski Award for Jewish Community Service. As well, in 1977, she received the Queen's Silver Jubilee medal for outstanding community service. In 1983 a Baycrest Centre tribute dinner was held in her honour and in 1984, the top floor of the Baycrest Centre was dedicated to her. This was the culmination of a lifetime devoted to social welfare and community service, and it came just a few years before Till's death, on 22 November 1987.
- Custodial History
- The records were in the possession of Dora Till's granddaughter, Mrs. Sheila Gottlieb, until they were donated to the OJA in 1987.
- Scope and Content
- This fonds consists of records documenting the personal and philanthropic activities of Dora Till, including her ongoing involvement with the Mothers' and Babes' Summer Rest Home, the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care Women's Auxiliary, the United Jewish Welfare Fund, and to a lesser extent other organizations that she was involved or affiliated with. Till's records of the Mothers' and Babes' Rest Home are some of the few to have survived from this important social service organization.
- The organizational records in the fonds include minutes, correspondence, reports, speeches, financial records, newsclippings, pamphlets, brochures, invitations, architectural drawings, and photographs, primarily of the Mothers and Babes Rest Home and the Baycrest Centre. As well, there are two artifacts: a Baycrest Centre pin and a gold shovel from the groundbreaking ceremony. The personal records in the fonds include family photographs and portraits, writings, newsclippings and general correspondence.
- The fonds has been arranged into eight series: 1. Mothers' and Babes' Summer Rest Home Association. 2. Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care Women's Auxiliary. 3. Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care Heritage Museum Committee. 4. Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care Furnishings Committee. 5. Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care : other committees. 6. United Jewish Welfare Fund. 7. Other organizations. 8. Personal. The records have been described to the file level, while a selection of photographs have been scanned and described at the item level.
- Notes
- Physical description note: includes 197 photographs (54 negatives), 9 architectural drawings, and 2 objects
- Name Access
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Access Restriction
- Partially closed. Researchers must receive permission from the OJA director prior to accessing some of the records.
- Related Material
- For related material on the Mothers' and Babes' Summer Rest Home, please see: Jewish Community Centre of Toronto fonds 61, Federation of Jewish Philanthropies fonds 66, United Jewish Welfare Fund fonds 67, Ida Lewis Siegel fonds 15, and the Rebecca Kamarner family fonds 11.
- For related material on the Baycrest Centre Women's Auxiliary, please see: Pat Joy Alpert fonds 77 and fonds 14.
- For related material on National Council of Jewish Women please see fonds 38.
- Arrangement
- This fonds had previously been arranged and described as MG6 H. The current arrangement was implemented by the archivist in 2010 and as a result, several files from the former MG were culled or merged. Therefore, the former MG finding aid is no longer accurate.
- Creator
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Accession Number
- 1987-1-5
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care fonds
- Women's Auxiliary series
- Events sub-series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 14
- Series
- 4-13
- File
- 2
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 16 May 1957
- Physical Description
- 3 photographs : b&w ; 21 x 26 cm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of photographs of the official opening of Baycrest's library and study. Identified in the photographs are: Dora Till (far left) and Frances Wintrob. Standing centre is Rabbi Dr. Israel Frankel.
- Name Access
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Subjects
- Libraries
- Portraits, Group
- Rabbis
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is not held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care fonds
- Women's Auxiliary series
- Events sub-series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 14
- Series
- 4-13
- File
- 3
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- May 1959
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 21 x 26 cm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of a photograph of Dora Till being presented with the President's Pin on her retirement as President of the Women's Auxiliary. Identified in the photograph is (left to right) : [?], Dora Till, and Lillian Soles.
- Notes
- Photographer unknown.
- Name Access
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Subjects
- Portraits, Group
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is not held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care fonds
- Women's Auxiliary series
- Annual meetings sub-series
- Chanukah meeting file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 14
- Series
- 4-2
- File
- 54
- Item
- 1
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 1968]
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 26 x 21 cm
- Notes
- Photograph is by Gordon Mendly Famous Studio.
- Name Access
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Subjects
- Candles and lights (Judaism)
- Hanukkah
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is not held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care fonds
- Women's Auxiliary series
- Fundraising sub-series
- Auxilorama '69 file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 14
- Series
- 4-8
- File
- 11
- Item
- 1
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1969
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 21 x 26 cm
- Scope and Content
- Identified in the photograph is (left to right): Mrs. Posluns, Abe Posluns, Ruth Smith, Mr. Smith, Dora Till, Morris Till, [?], and [?].
- Notes
- Photographer unknown.
- Name Access
- Till, Dora, 1896-1987
- Subjects
- Committees
- Portraits, Group
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is not held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Accession Number
- 2018-1-9
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 2018-1-9
- Material Format
- textual record
- sound recording
- Physical Description
- 10 cm of textual records
- 1 audio cassette
- Date
- 1960-1997
- Scope and Content
- Accession consists of records related to Gordon Kushner's activities as music director of Beth Tzedec Congregation. The accession includes Kushner's compositions for V'al Kulam (1982), Mi Sheberach (1983), and Tikanta (1987) along with a collection of compositions by Srul Irving Glick, Paul Kowarsky, and Sid Robinovitch. Of particular note is a composition commissioned by the Canadian Jewish Congress for the Jewish Music Festival 1960. Recordings of selections from Robonvitch's compositions are included in an audio cassette. Also included are correspondence, meeting minutes, repertoire and music lists, and choir membership lists, and program books related to the activities of the Beth Tzedec choir and its performances, such as its participation in various Jewish music festivals. In addition, there are records related to Mel Sach's resignation from the Toronto Jewish Cultural Council as program coordinator; bulletins of Beth Tzedec Congregation, and Jewish Music Committee meeting minutes.
- Administrative History
- Gordon Kushner (1916-2007) was the music director of the Beth Tzedec Congregation (previously Goel Tzedec) in Toronto from 1948 to 1999. Born in Winnipeg, Kushner trained as a pianist under Gwendda Owen Davies and appeared with the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra in 1940. After serving as a bandsman in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War, he resumed his studies at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto under John Weinzweig in theory and conducting in 1946. As music director for Beth Tzedec Congregation, he composed several choral compositions for the synagogue and coordinated the Beth Tzedec Choir's participation in various concerts and events across Toronto, including the Jewish Music Festival sponsored by the Music Committee of the Toronto Jewish Cultural Council of Toronto Jewish Congress. Kushner was active in the cultural activities of the Toronto Jewish community. He was a member of the education and cultural committee of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1950 and became co-chair of the central region music committee in 1967.
Kushner was also a music educator and during the 1960s taught at the University of Toronto and the Royal Conservatory of Music Summer School, which he became director of in 1969. He served as the Principal and Vice-Principal of the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1978 to 1991.
- Subjects
- Music festivals
- Synagogue music
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Kushner, Gordon, 1916-2007
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 2018-11-5
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 2018-11-5
- Material Format
- textual record
- graphic material (electronic)
- textual record (electronic)
- Physical Description
- 7 cm of textual records
- 285 MB of photographs and textual records
- Date
- [188-]-2018
- Scope and Content
- Accession consists of material documenting the From Latkes to Laffa exhibition that was held at Beth Tzedec Congregation in 2017. Included are textual records organized into the following files: Planning, Introduction, The Ward, Kensington, Eglinton, Dairy/bagels, Delis, Kosher, and New trends. There are two additional files without names that contain additional material related to the exhibition. Also included are electronic records, primarily graphic, that relate to the exhibition. The latter have been organized into two folders: Photographs and USB.
- Administrative History
- From Latkes to Laffas was an exhibition at Beth Tzedec Congregation's Reuben & Helene Dennis Museum that explored the history of Toronto's Jewish restaurants. The exhibition opened on Wednesday the 6 September 2017.
- Descriptive Notes
- Source of supplied title proper: Title based on a label on the side of the binder.
- Subjects
- Ethnic restaurants
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Rothstein, Gella
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 2019-2-8
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 2019-2-8
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Physical Description
- 2 folders
- Date
- 1970-1973
- Scope and Content
- Accession consists of material documenting the Airst family. Included are photographs of Malcolm Airst at his bar mitzvah in 1970 and Randall Airst at his bar mitzvah in 1973. The b'nai mitzvah took place at Beth Tzedec in Toronto where the family were members and Malcolm completed ninth grade at the United Synagogue Day School.
- Subjects
- Bar mitzvah
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 2019-3-1
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Accession Number
- 2019-3-1
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Physical Description
- 6 photographs : col. ; 21 x 15 cm or smaller
- Date
- [197-?]
- Scope and Content
- Accession consists of material documenting the Airst family. Included are five photographs taken at Malcolm Airst's bar mitzvah, which was held at Beth Tzedec in Toronto, and one photograph of Malcolm's sister, Lisa. Also depicted in the bar mitzvah photographs are: maternal grandfather Alexander Stolberg; parents Herman Airst and Faye Airst; and younger brother Randall Airst.
- Descriptive Notes
- Physical description: The five bar mitzvah photographs are glued to a matte board.
- Subjects
- Bar mitzvah
- Families
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Source
- Archival Accessions
- Part Of
- United Jewish Welfare Fund fonds
- Photographic and audiovisual collection series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 67
- Series
- 27
- File
- 189
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- January 1975
- Physical Description
- 12 slides : col. ; 35 mm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of twelve 35mm slides depicting a UJA-Israel Special Fund campaign event with Golda Meir at Beth Tzedec. Murray Koffler, Eddie Creed, and Joan Lipson are shown in some of the slides.
- Notes
- Slides processed by Benjamin Film Labs.
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Meir, Golda, 1898-1978
- Subjects
- Prime ministers--Israel
- Synagogues
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- United Jewish Welfare Fund fonds
- Photographic and audiovisual collection series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 67
- Series
- 27
- File
- 206
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 3 Feb. 1976
- Physical Description
- 41 photographs : b&w (37 negatives) ; 28 x 28 mm and 35 mm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of four photographs and thirty-seven negatives of a UJA event with Menachem Begin at Beth Tzedec. Lionel Schipper, Issy Sharp, and Wilf Posluns are identified.
- Notes
- Photos by Graphic Artists Photographers, Toronto.
- Availability of other formats: Also available as digital images.
- Name Access
- Begin, Menachem, 1913-1992
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Subjects
- Prime ministers--Israel
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- United Jewish Welfare Fund fonds
- Photographic and audiovisual collection series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 67
- Series
- 27
- File
- 424
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 15 May 1979
- Physical Description
- 3 photographs (2 negatives) : b&w ; 21 x 26 cm and 28 x 28 mm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one photograph and two negatives of USDS students (and teacher?) holding a $600 cheque for UJA, raised by a Bowlathon. Rachel Forman, Jessica Rudolph, Lisi Tesher, Moshe Bell, Jessica Benattar, Greg Sigel, and Danny Morgenstein are identified.
- Notes
- Photos by Graphic Artists Photographers, Toronto.
- Availability of other formats: Also available as digital images.
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- George Morrison fonds
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 99
- Item
- 49
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 1978]
- Physical Description
- 1 slide : col. ; 35 mm
- Name Access
- Beth Midrash Hagadol Synagogue
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Goel Tzedec Synagogue (Toronto, Ont.)
- Subjects
- Architecture
- Synagogues
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is not held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Places
- Bathurst Street (Toronto, Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1980-6-3
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- George Morrison fonds
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 99
- Item
- 50
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 1978]
- Physical Description
- 1 slide : col. ; 35 mm
- Name Access
- Beth Midrash Hagadol Synagogue
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Goel Tzedec Synagogue (Toronto, Ont.)
- Subjects
- Architecture
- Synagogues
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is not held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Places
- Bathurst Street (Toronto, Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1980-6-3
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 4215
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 4215
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1968
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph
- Notes
- Photo by Graphic Artists.
- Name Access
- Ben-Gurion, David, 1886-1973
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- United Jewish Appeal
- Subjects
- Dinners and dining
- Prime ministers--Israel
- Synagogues
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1986-1-6
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 4216
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 4216
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1968
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph
- Notes
- Photo by Graphic Artists.
- Name Access
- Ben-Gurion, David, 1886-1973
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- United Jewish Appeal
- Subjects
- Dinners and dining
- Prime ministers--Israel
- Synagogues
- Accession Number
- 1986-1-6
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 4217
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 4217
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1968
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph
- Notes
- Photo by Graphic Artists.
- Name Access
- Ben-Gurion, David, 1886-1973
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- United Jewish Appeal
- Subjects
- Dinners and dining
- Prime ministers--Israel
- Synagogues
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1986-1-6
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 2355
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 2355
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1 Jun. 1965
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph
- Scope and Content
- Possibly taken at Beth Tzedec.
- Notes
- Photo by Graphic Artists.
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Smith, Mr.
- United Jewish Appeal
- Sugar, Mrs. David
- Subjects
- Awards
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 4430
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 4430
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1986
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph
- Scope and Content
- Identified in the photograph (left to right) are: Ydave Yacoby; Shmuel Mizrahi; Michael Pluznik; Harvey Joseph, president, Aid to Disabled War Veterans of Israel (Canada).
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Yacoby, Ydave
- Mizrahi, Shmuel
- Pluznik, Michael
- Joseph, Harvey
- Disabled War Veterans of Israel (Canada)
- Subjects
- Disabled veterans--Israel
- Synagogues
- Accession Number
- 1986-12-3
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 3
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1967
- Physical Description
- 50 negatives : b&w ; 11 x 13 cm
- Admin History/Bio
- Nathan Silver was born in Warsaw, Poland to Blima and Shul Silver. He married Lily Anne Cooper and they had four children: Shul David, Deborah Ruth, Joseph Baruch, and Bonnie Suzanne. Nathan served in the Second World War as an artillery gunner in the Canadian Army. His occupation was that of a builder and developer and he played an active role within the Toronto Jewish community, operating as National Chairman of the Zionist Revisionist Organization of Canada, executive member of the United Zionist Congress, and, as well, he was a member of the World Executive Zionist Revisionist Movement. Nathan Silver was also an advocate of Jewish education and was Chairman for the Executive of the Associated Hebrew Schools.
- Scope and Content
- File consists of images documenting the Negev dinner held in honour of Nathan Silver at the Royal York Hotel in Toronto.
- Included on the evening's programme were: Lewis J.E. Moses; Rabbi Emanuel Forman; Rabbi Joseph Kelman; Hon. Dr. Aba Gefen; Louis L. Lockshin; Eric Exton; Rabbi Dr. David Monson; Cantor Zvee Aroni accompanied by Leo Spellman; Philip G. Givens; William Stevenson; Samuel Shainhouse; and Stephen Berger. This file features several images of the aforementioned individuals participating in their assigned roles for the event.
- Name Access
- Moses, Lewis J.E.
- Forman, Rabbi Emanuel
- Kelman, Rabbi Joseph
- Gefen, Hon. Dr. Aba
- Lockshin, Louis L.
- Exton, Eric, 1907-1997
- Monson, Rabbi Dr. David
- Aroni, Cantor Zvee
- Spellman, Leo
- Givens, Philip G.
- Stevenson, William
- Shainhouse, Samuel
- Berger, Stephen
- Negev dinners
- Jewish National Fund
- Subjects
- Dinners and dining
- Revisionist Zionists
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 5
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Berger, Stephen
- Rotman, Manny
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 6
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 26 x 21 cm and 13 x 11 cm
- Admin History/Bio
- Stephen Berger was married to Dr. Edith Steinbach and they had two sons named John and Michael. He worked as a civil engineer and was actively involved in the Jewish community holding positions with the Jewish National Fund, the Jewish Welfare Fund, Zionist Organization of Canada and others.
- Berger was nominated Man of the Year at a Negev Dinner in 1959 and a Nachla was founded in his name in Israel.
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Stephen Berger, chairman of the Jewish National Fund of Toronto, giving a speech at the 1956 Negev dinner.
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Berger, Stephen
- Jewish National Fund of Toronto
- Steinbach, Dr. Edith
- Subjects
- Dinners and dining
- Speeches, addresses, etc
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 7
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of a group of standing behind the podium presenting certificates at the 1956 Negev Dinner.
- Standing from left to right are: unidentified, Mark Levy, Stephen Berger, unidentified woman, D. Lou Harris, unidentified woman.
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Levy, Mark
- Harris, D. Lou
- Berger, Stephen
- Jewish National Fund
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 8
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Admin History/Bio
- Stephen Berger was married to Dr. Edith Steinbach and they had two sons named John and Michael. He worked as a civil engineer and was actively involved in the Jewish community holding positions with the Jewish National Fund, the Jewish Welfare Fund, Zionist Organization of Canada and others.
- Berger was nominated Man of the Year at a Negev Dinner in 1959 and a Nachla was founded in his name in Israel.
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of Stephen Berger, chairman of the Jewish National Fund of Toronto.
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Berger, Stephen
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 10
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Scope and Content
- Rabbi Stuart Rosenberg gave the invocation at the Negev dinner. He was the rabbi at Toronto's Beth Tzedec Synagogue.
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Rosenberg, Rabbi Stuart
- Subjects
- Dinners and dining
- Rabbis
- Speeches, addresses, etc
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 11
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of the presentation of certificates at the Negev Dinner. Standing from left to right are: Mark Levy, Stephen Berger and D. Lou Harris.
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Levy, Mark
- Berger, Stephen
- Harris, D. Lou
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 23
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Rotman, Manny
- Gulko, Harris
- Berger, Stephen
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 28
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Admin History/Bio
- Rabbi Slonim was born on 27 February 1914. He was married to Rita Short and they had one daughter named Rena. He was a rabbi and a journalist working for the McCaul St. Synagogue, Beth Tzedec and the Telegram in Toronto. Rabbi Slonim held positions at several other institutions outside of Canada. He also belonged to many Jewish organizations and was active within the community.
- Scope and Content
- Photograph is of Rabbi Reuben Slonim giving a speech at the 1956 Negev dinner.
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Beth Tzedec Congregation (Toronto, Ont.)
- Slonim, Rabbi Reuben
- Short, Rita
- Jewish National Fund
- McCaul Street Synagogue
- The Telegram
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 29
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Berger, Stephen
- Rotman, Manny
- Jewish National Fund
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 30
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 11 x 13 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of a group portrait at the 1956 Negev dinner.
- Standing from left to right are: Eddie Gelber, unknown, unknown, Sam Kronick [seated], Stephen Berger, Manny Rotman, and Harris Gulko.
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Kronick, Sam
- Gelber, Eddie
- Berger, Stephen
- Rotman, Manny
- Gulko, Harris
- Jewish National Fund
- Subjects
- Portraits, Group
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 37
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 1 negative : b&w ; 11 x 13 cm
- Name Access
- Berger, Stephen
- Jewish National Fund
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring the Toronto Jewish community file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Item
- 34
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1956
- Physical Description
- 1 negative : b&w ; 11 x 13 cm
- Notes
- Photograph by Al Gilbert.
- Name Access
- Berger, Stephen
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Gilbert Studios fonds
- Negev dinners series
- Dinner honouring Leon E. Weinstein file
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 37
- Series
- 1
- File
- 5
- Item
- 2
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- 1970
- Physical Description
- 1 negative : b&w ; 6 x 6 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of the head table at the 1970 Negev dinner held in honour of Leon E. Weinstein.
- Seated fourth from the left is Stephen Berger.
- Name Access
- Berger, Stephen
- Weinstein, Leon E.
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright may not be held by the Ontario Jewish Archives. It is the responsibility of the researcher to obtain permission prior to use.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 6080
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 6080
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 1910s-1920s]
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 21 x 26 cm and 10 x 12 cm
- Admin History/Bio
- Joseph Graner, son of Leizer and Chaya Graner, was born in Russian-controlled Ukraine in 1879. He was educated in cheders and emigrated to England in the early twentieth century, where he remained for two and a half years. He settled in Toronto in 1907. He was the founder and first president of the Hebrew National Association and one of the founders of the Kehillah of Toronto. He was on the Board of the United Orthodox Synagogues of Canada, the Hebrew Free School, the Old Folks Home and the Goel Zedeck Synagogue. He was president of the Ukraine Verband of Toronto and Ontario in 1919, and directed the relief campaigns for the distressed. He was also chairman of the Ukraine Orphans' Campaign and was appointed a Justice of the Peace in July 1919. He had three children: Harry, Irwin, and Ida.
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of exterior of Graner & Company Bankers and steamship agents, Queen St. W., Toronto, n.d. Probably 1920s (perhaps 1910s). Standing in doorway is Joseph Graner.
- Name Access
- Graner & Company Bankers
- Graner, Joseph
- Subjects
- Storefronts
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is in the public domain and permission for use is not required. Please credit the Ontario Jewish Archives as the source of the photograph.
- Places
- Queen Street West (Toronto, Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 6081
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 6081
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 193-?]
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 26 x 21 cm
- Scope and Content
- Copy photograph of Irwin Graner, son of Joseph Graner, aboard steamship, possibly in the 1930s.
- Name Access
- Graner, Irwin
- Graner, Joseph
- Subjects
- Transportation
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is in the public domain and permission for use is not required. Please credit the Ontario Jewish Archives as the source of the photograph.
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 6082
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 6082
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [192-?]
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 26 x 21 cm and 12 x 10 cm
- Admin History/Bio
- Joseph Graner, son of Leizer and Chaya Graner, was born in Russian-controlled Ukraine in 1879. He was educated in cheders and emigrated to England in the early twentieth century, where he remained for two and a half years. He settled in Toronto in 1907. He was the founder and first president of the Hebrew National Association and one of the founders of the Kehillah of Toronto. He was on the Board of the United Orthodox Synagogues of Canada, the Hebrew Free School, the Old Folks Home and the Goel Zedeck Synagogue. He was president of the Ukraine Verband of Toronto and Ontario in 1919, and directed the relief campaigns for the distressed. He was also chairman of the Ukraine Orphans' Campaign and was appointed a Justice of the Peace in July 1919. He had three children: Harry, Irwin, and Ida.
- Scope and Content
- Item is a copy photograph of the Graner family, Toronto, 1920s. Seated from left to right are Joseph and his wife Temma (née Geller) and standing from left to right are their three children, Irwin, Ida, and Harry.
- Notes
- Original: Modern Studio, 452 Queen St. W., Toronto.
- Name Access
- Graner family
- Graner, Joseph
- Graner, Temma
- Graner, Irwin
- Graner, Ida
- Graner, Harry
- Subjects
- Families
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is in the public domain and permission for use is not required. Please credit the Ontario Jewish Archives as the source of the photograph.
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 6085
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 6085
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [193-?]
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 21 x 26 cm
- Scope and Content
- Photograph of steamship company owners aboard the Queen Mary, probably 1930s. Includes: Dorothy Dworkin (8th from left, front) and Joe Graner (2nd from right, front).
- Name Access
- Dworkin, Dorothy, 1890-1976
- Graner, Joseph
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is in the public domain and permission for use is not required. Please credit the Ontario Jewish Archives as the source of the photograph.
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 6086
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 6086
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 1926]
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 13 x 18 cm and 10 x 12 cm
- Scope and Content
- Item is a photograph of Joseph Graner with his son, Irwin, changing a flat tire at the side of the road.
- Name Access
- Graner, Joseph
- Graner, Irwin
- Subjects
- Fathers and sons
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is in the public domain and permission for use is not required. Please credit the Ontario Jewish Archives as the source of the photograph.
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 6087
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 6087
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 1926]
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 13 x 18 cm and 10 x 12 cm
- Scope and Content
- Item is a photograph of Joseph Graner changing a flat tire at the side of the road with his daughter Ida Graner.
- Name Access
- Graner, Joseph
- Graner, Ida
- Subjects
- Fathers and daughters
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is in the public domain and permission for use is not required. Please credit the Ontario Jewish Archives as the source of the photograph.
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- ID
-
Item 6090
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Level
- Item
- Item
- 6090
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [191-]
- Physical Description
- 2 photographs : b&w (1 negative) ; 18 x 13 cm and 12 x 10 cm
- Admin History/Bio
- Grunier was a furrier.
- Scope and Content
- Copy photograph of Enoch "Henry" Grunier (left) and Joseph Graner, probably Toronto, 1910s.
- Name Access
- Grunier, Enoch (Henry)
- Graner, Joseph
- Repro Restriction
- Copyright is in the public domain and permission for use is not required. Please credit the Ontario Jewish Archives as the source of the photograph.
- Places
- Toronto (Ont.)
- Accession Number
- 1991-5-9
- Source
- Archival Descriptions