- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Level
- Fonds
- Fonds
- 90
- Material Format
- textual record
- graphic material
- Date
- 1918-1981, predominant 1952-1973
- Physical Description
- 22 cm of textual records (4 v.)
- 16 microfiches of textual records
- 2 photographs
- Admin History/Bio
- Canada’s third chapter of Hadassah was organized in Brantford on January 2, 1918 by Mrs. Anna Selig (m. Raginsky) and sponsored by Mrs. Leah Lazarus primarily to assist with Canada’s war effort. In 1919, it joined with other Canadian chapters to form the Hadassah Organization of Canada. By 1921, Hadassah Canada had merged with the Women’s International Zionist Organization (WIZO) and changed its name to Hadassah-WIZO. In 1929, the Brantford chapter adopted the name Rose of Sharon, but abbreviated it to the Sharon Chapter of Hadassah.
- As a member of Hadassah-WIZO, the Sharon Chapter shared its mandate of financially and socially supporting the peoples of Israel and promoting Jewish culture and ideals in Canada. Following the national organization’s mandate, its administration consisted of two levels: a general membership and an executive committee. The general membership voted on all issues and activities, while the executive committee ensured all tasks were completed. Although the chapter initially only elected one president, it began electing three presidents in 1943.
- Mrs. Sam Fox served as the chapter’s first president over the charter membership of 30 women. Membership initially remained fairly constant, but grew to 92 members by 1962. All members paid annual dues, of which a small portion was used to pay the chapter’s expenses with the remainder being forwarded to the regional Hadassah council to pay administrative costs and donations.
- Some of the fundraising activities Sharon Chapter organized include an annual birthday party (started in 1925), an annual bazaar (started in 1952), sewing circles, pot lucks, tea and garden parties, rummage and auction sales, and showers. The funds and other goods accumulated from these events were forwarded to the regional Hadassah council to support various Hadassah-WIZO projects, such as Youth Aliyah and the Acco Baby Creche. The Sharon Chapter also supported local projects, such as, assisting new immigrants, and entertaining servicemen at the local canteen during the Second World War.
- The population of Brantford’s Jewish community began declining after the 1960s as younger generations moved to larger cities and were followed by their parents after retirement. By 1999, the Sharon Chapter’s membership had fallen to 24 women and meetings were being held only once a year. The Sharon Chapter likely closed around 2001; the same year that dwindling resources and membership forced the closure of Brantford’s synagogue, Congregation Beth David.
- Scope and Content
- Fonds consists of records documenting the activities, finances, special programs and fundraising events of Brantford’s Sharon Chapter of Hadassah-WIZO. Included are meeting minutes, correspondence, photographs, ledgers, annual budgets, remittance forms, financial bulletins, financial statements, certificates, invitations, lists, notebooks, programmes, reports, recipes, speeches, news clippings, an auditorium lease, a contract, a theatrical script, and pledge cards.
- Fonds has been arranged into five series: 1. Meetings; 2. Special projects and events; 3. Annual Bazaar; 4. Finance and accounting; and, 5. Administration. One item and one file are attached to the fonds-level.
- Notes
- Physical extent note: fonds was reduced from ca. 50 cm to 22 cm. See accession 2001-10-3 for further information about the culled material.
- Name Access
- Sharon Chapter
- Hadassah-Wizo
- Brantford
- Subjects
- Charities
- Children
- Related Material
- For additional OJA records documenting the Sharon Chapter, see Sadie Stren fonds 78 and the Congregation Beth David fonds 88.
- For additional OJA Hadassah-WIZO records, see Toronto Hadassah fonds 71, accessions 1996-11-1, 2008-3-3, and 2009-8-6.
- For additional OJA records related to Brantford families and other Jewish organizations, such as the B'nai Brith lodge, please see accession #2001-10-3; #2009-7-1, 1978-11-4, 1977-8-16, 1992-8-3, 1980-1-14, 1978-1-2, 2008-7-1, photo# 109, photo# 755, and photo #758.
- See also the Hadassah-WIZO Organization of Canada fonds at Library and Archives Canada, reference #R3454-0-7-E.
- Accession Number
- 2001-10-3
- 1979-9-21
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Level
- Item
- Fonds
- 90
- Item
- 1
- Material Format
- graphic material
- Date
- [ca. 1969]
- Physical Description
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 21 x 26 cm
- Scope and Content
- Item is a group photograph of what is likely the Sharon Chapter's Executive Committee. Identified in the first row is (left to right) : Mrs. M. Rothberg, Mrs. H. Tulchinsky, and Mrs. L. Rotberg.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- File
- 1
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 16 Oct. 1967
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of an agenda and committe list for the central Ontario regional conference of Hadassah. The conference was held at the Inn of the Jolly Baron in Brantford and Mrs. Tulchinsky was Regional Vice-Chairman.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Meetings series
- Level
- Series
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 1
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1918-1962
- Physical Description
- 16 microfiches of textual records
- Scope and Content
- Series consists of minutes documenting the Sharon Chapter of Hadassah's regular, general, special, emergency, and Executive Committe meetings.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Meetings series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 1
- File
- 1
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1918-1938
- Physical Description
- 6 microfiches of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of minutes of various Sharon Chapter of Hadassah meetings. There are two sets of microfiche copies, each consisting of 3 microfiches.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Meetings series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 1
- File
- 2
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1939-Jan. 1947
- Physical Description
- 4 microfiches of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of minutes of various Sharon Chapter of Hadassah meetings. There are two sets of microfiche copies, each consisting of 2 microfiches.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Meetings series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 1
- File
- 3
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- Mar. 1947-May 1962
- Physical Description
- 6 microfiches of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of minutes of various Sharon Chapter of Hadassah meetings. There are two sets of microfiche copies, each consisting of 3 microfiches.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- Series
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- Material Format
- textual record
- graphic material
- Date
- 1959-1977
- Physical Description
- 9 folders of textual records
- 1 photograph
- Scope and Content
- Series consists of records documenting the special projects and events of the Sharon Chapter. Included is correspondence, a photograph, certificates, invitations, programmes, financial statements, lists, speeches, an auditorium lease, a sales report, pledge cards, and a theatrical script.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 1
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1959-1972
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's Youth Aliyah campaigns. Included is one event invitation, pledge cards and receipts, lists of pledges, a certificate, correspondence with the Hadassah-WISO Organization of Canada, speeches, a newsclipping and a theatrical script.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 2
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- [ca. 1967]
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- 1 photograph : b&w ; 26 x 21 cm
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one photograph and one list of austerity box donations documenting the Sharon Chapter's participation in Hadassah-WIZO's Austerity program, a charity box collection program that likely asked participants to save money for Hadassah programs by sacrificing luxuries.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 3
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1968-1977
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of two certificates and correspondence documenting the Sharon Chapter's involvement in Hadassah-WIZO's Baby Creche and Youth Village projects in Acco, Isreal.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 4
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 25 Nov. 1963
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of pages 11 to 14 of the programme for Hamilton's Hadassah chapter's annual dinner and fashion show.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 6
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- [ca. 1965]-1967
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one auditorium lease and one sales report documenting Sharon Chapter's rummage sales.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 7
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1966-1969
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of programmes and financial statements documenting Sharon Chapter's event, An Evening With Hadassah.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 8
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1968
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one invitation and one Jewish National Fund certificate documenting the Sharon Chapter's 50th birthday.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Special projects and events series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 2
- File
- 9
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- Sept. 1976
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one certificate proclaiming the month of September 1976 as the Canadian Hadassah-WIZO month. The certificate is signed by the Mayor of Brantford, Charles R. Bowen.
- Physical Condition
- The certificate is glued to a sheet of paper.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual bazaar series
- Level
- Series
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1952-1968
- Physical Description
- 13 cm of textual records (3 v.)
- Admin History/Bio
- The Sharon Chapter’s first annual bazaar was held on November 14, 1952 at Brantford’s Armouries. Over the years, both the Armouries and Congregation Beth David were used a venues. Items sold at bargain prices included used clothing, homemade foods, baked goods, toys, jewelry, books, records, and candy. The event often included some “carnival elements,” such as raffles and musical entertainment. Items were donated by individuals in the community and various companies. Proceeds from the first bazaar totaled $570.00 and steadily increased to $5224.87 in 1962. By the mid 1970s, the Sharon Chapter appears to have ceased organizing the annual event likely due to difficulty securing volunteers and donations.
- Scope and Content
- Series consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar. Included is correspondence, reports, news clippings, financial statements, invitations, memos, lists, notebooks, recipes, a donation ledger, and a contract.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 1
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1962-1964
- Physical Description
- 3 cm of textual records (1 v.)
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one donation ledger documenting donations to the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar. The ledger is organized alphabetically by donor name. Entries include the year, donor's name and address, items donated and the canvasser's name.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 2
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1960-1961
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records (1 v.)
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one notebook of bazaar notes for both the 1960 and 1961 Sharon Chapter bazaars. The notebook contains newsclippings, bazaar tickets, notes regarding convenor and worker job responsibilites and other administrative details.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 3
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- [ca. 1963]
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one Hadassah recipes sheet which was likely distributed during a Sharon Chapter bazaar. Recipes include: potato pancakes, noodle pudding, cabbage rolls, and cheese blintzes.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 4
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1952
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of correspondence documenting the Sharon Chapter's first bazaar, which was held on November 14, 1952 at the Local Armouries.
- Related Material
- For photographs of the 1952 Bazaar, see fonds 78, file 3, item 23.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 5
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1954
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records (1 v.)
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 23, 1954. Included is correspondence, a notebook, a newspaper clipping, convener reports, general bazaar reports, notes for bazaar tables, and lists of thank you cards to be written.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 6
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1955
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 8, 1952. Included are convener reports, donation lists, and financial statements. Bazaar conveners were: Ruth Zaltz, Sadie Stren, and Mollie Miller.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 7
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 13 Nov. 1956
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one invitation to the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 13, 1956 at the Beth David Synagogue.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 8
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1958
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 11, 1958 at the Beth David Synagogue. Included is correspondence, convener reports, and one invitation.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 9
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1959
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 17, 1959 at the Beth David Synagogue. Included is correspondence, index cards with table notes and convener reports, a general bazaar report, and invitations.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 10
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1960
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 15, 1960. Included is correspondence, index cards with table notes and convener reports, Lists of table incomes, and lists of thank you cards to be written.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 11
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1961
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 14, 1961 at the Armouries. Included is correspondence, invitations, and lists of donors.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 12
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1962
- Physical Description
- 3 cm of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 14, 1962 at the Armouries. Included is correspondence, a contract for musicians from the Hamilton Musicians Guild, convener reports, financial statements, and a Hadassah membership list.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 13
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1963
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 6, 1963 at the Armouries. Included is correspondence, donation lists, memos, an invitation, a convener report, and a financial statement.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 14
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1964
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar, which was held on November 4, 1964. Included is correspondence, lists of members and donors, and memos.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Annual Bazaar series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 3
- File
- 15
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- Nov. 1968
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of financial statements documenting the Sharon Chapter's annual bazaar.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Finance and accounting series
- Level
- Series
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 4
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- [1956?]-1973
- Physical Description
- 3 cm of textual records (1 v.)
- Scope and Content
- Series consists of textual records documenting the finances of the Sharon Chapter and the Canadian Hadassah-WIZO. Included is a general ledger, a financial report, annual budgets, monthly financial bulletins, remittance forms, financial statements, correspondence, and certificates.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Finance and accounting series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 4
- File
- 2
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1960-1963
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of one Hadassah-WIZO financial report documenting the overall finances of the national organization and each chapter between 1960 and 1963.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Finance and accounting series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 4
- File
- 3
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1959-1970
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of budget folders from Hadassah-WIZO outlining the Sharon Chapter's annual budgets.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Finance and accounting series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 4
- File
- 4
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- Mar. 1964-Feb. 1965
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of the Sharon Chapter's monthly financial bulletins.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Finance and accounting series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 4
- File
- 5
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1971-1973
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of remittance forms from the Hadassah-WIZO Organization of Canada.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Finance and accounting series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 4
- File
- 6
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1958-[ca. 1970]
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of financial statements for various funds and special collections, including; the World's Child Day collection (1966), Mogen Dovid Adam collection (ca. 1970), the Flower Fund, and the Jewish National Fund.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Finance and accounting series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 4
- File
- 7
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1960-1973, 1981
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of textual records documenting donations to and from the Sharon Chapter. Included are certificates, Hadassah-WIZO donation forms and correspondence.
- Physical Condition
- One certificate is rolled.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Administration series
- Level
- Series
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 5
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1958-1971
- Physical Description
- 4 cm of textual records
- Scope and Content
- Series consists of textual records documenting the administrative functions of the Sharon Chapter. Included is correspondence and membership lists.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Administration series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 5
- File
- 1
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1958-1971
- Physical Description
- 3 cm of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of general correspondence between the Sharon Chapter and Canada's Hadassah-WIZO. The bulk of the correspondence is regarding Hadassah projects and events and the Sharon Chapter's finances.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Administration series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 5
- File
- 2
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1964-1971
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of general correspondence. Included are thank you letters, correspondence with Sharon Chapter members, and correspondence with Canadian Young Judaea.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions
- Part Of
- Sharon Chapter of Hadassah fonds
- Administration series
- Level
- File
- Fonds
- 90
- Series
- 5
- File
- 3
- Material Format
- textual record
- Date
- 1962
- Physical Description
- 1 folder of textual records
- Scope and Content
- File consists of two Sharon Chapter membership lists.
- Source
- Archival Descriptions